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abashed- confused; embarrassed
abated- reduced, to put end to, to stop
abdicate- to give up throne. After a series of revolts in 1911, the Nationalists seized power, forcing the emperor to abdicate.
abhor (vb)- to strongly hate/dislike. I abhor racism, I think it is disgusting.
abject- humiliating; disheartening
abrasion (n)- a scrape on the skin
abruptly (adv)- suddenly
Absolute dating- a type of cultural dating when Archaeologists decide the age, in years, of an object
absorb- the ability of a solid surface to assimilate gas, vapor, or dissolved matter
acceleration- change in velocity
access- means of entering; right to enter
accommodation (n)- a room and food in hotels, ships, trains, and so on
accumulative poison- toxic materials that’re stored in body & not readily absorbed or excreted. Their levels increase with continued exposure & produce symptoms of chronic or acute toxicity depending on substance. Lead lessens development of children being smart or intellegent at very low doses. Before it’s removed from paints as pigment, small children might ingest tiny bits of paint containing lead & become slowly poisoned
accustomed- familiarized by use
ace- playing card
acid- material that donates hydrogen ions in a reaction. Acids taste sour & are usually very corrosive.
acne- pimples; blackheads
acrophobia- fear of high places
Active voice - verb is in active voice when subject is doing the action in sentence.
acupuncture- practice of inserting needles at specific points on the body to cure diseases or to ease pain. They use breathing exercises, massage, or acupuncture.
AD- Paid advertisement
addles- confuse
adept (n)- a highly skilled or well-trained individual; expert
administrator- a manager; one who directs a government or organization. We have a great administrator.
ADVANCE- Story about a coming event.
aesthetic (adj)- of or relating to beauty and what is beautiful
affable- pleasant; courteous
afterlife- according to some beliefs, life which follows after death
agenda setting- the role of the media how they influence what people consider important
aghast- shocked
agony- feel pain, strive painfully
agoraphobia- fear of open spaces
air resistance- opposing force caused by air
akin- alike; similar; related by blood
albeit- although
alliteration- repeated consonant sounds occuring at the beginning of words, like a tongue twister
alma mater- fostering mother, school/college/university in which one has studied at, and usually, one has graduated at.
alopecia (n)- loss of hair, wool, or feathers: baldness. When Dr. Brown told Erwin he knew of an experimental treatment for his "progressive alopecia," Erwin replied, "That's nice, Doc, but what can you do about my balding head!"
Alternative family- family consisting of individuals who live together for economic, political, or religious reasons
Amazon (n)- 1. A member of a nation of women warriors commonly accepted to have lived in Scythia. 2. A tall, aggressive, strongwilled woman. The Greeks tell stories about the Amazon women.
amble- walk slowly and easily
amplifier- increaser; elaborator; expander
anarchy- lawlessness. By the mid-1980s, Lebadon was in a state of anarchy.
androgynous- having characteristics of both sex
anesthetics- substance causing loss of pain, feeling, etc…
ANGLE- A specific point of view applied to a story.
anguish (adj)- extreme pain or distress; filled with pain, mental or physical; extremely upset. The mother had extreme pain and anguish when her son was killed. anguished
anomaly- something abnormal; irregularly
antagonist- character in story who causes complications for protagonist, usually the villain. One who protagonist struggles against
antagonize (vb)- to provoke into hostility/to annoy/to bother. “Quit antagonizing your brother!” screamed my mom.
anthropomorphized- attributed human form or qualities to gods, animals, and things.
AP- Abbreviation of Associated Press, a co-operative, nonprofit news gathering service.
apathy- indifference; no interest
apikorsim- believer or skeptic; one who does not adhere to Jewish religious belief or practice
appalled- put in a state of horror & fear
apparition- unusual or unexpected sight
apprehensive- to understand
apprentice- to bind to learning experience by contract agreement. Someone in training to learn to trade
aquaphobia- fear of water
aqueduct- bridgelike structure built to carry water from distant source
aquifer- water bearer. Earth materials that contain groundwater & through which ground water may flow freely. Some examples of these include sand, porous sandstone & gravel. Aquifers vary widely in their ability to hold water & speed at which water flows through them.
Arachnid (n)- Any of various insects of the class Arachnida, such as spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, characterized by four pairs of segmented legs and a body that is divided into two regions, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Would you be afraid if you saw an arachnid?
Archaeology- a systematic recovery and study of tools, graves, buildings, pottery, and other remains of past human life and culture
archipelago- any large body of water with any islands
arduous- difficult; steep
aristocratic (n)- wealthy, privileged people
armament- arms, utensils, military or naval equipment weapons, equipment
articulate (adj)- to speak distinctly or very clearly/to be well spoken. The speaker was very articulate.
artifacts- objects made by humans that is of archaeological or historical interest
Artificial boundaries- Man and Woman’s needs (states, yards, etc...)/disagreements
artisan- a worker who is skilled in making a particular product by hand. An artisan is probably paid a lot.
asphalt (n)- black substance used for pavement
assassinate- to murder someone, especially for political reasons
assess- evaluate
assimilationist- one who adopts practice of prevailing culture
assuage- to lessen intensity of something that pains or distresses
astounding- amazing
astraphobia- fear of lightning
astronomer- a scientist who observes and studies the universe beyond the earth, including the moon, planets, and stars and their motions
Astronomical Unit- the average distance from the Sun to the Earth (A.U).
athesism- denies the existence of God
atrocious- wicked; cruel; very bad
audacity (n) audacious (adj)- the nerve, crazy idea, or boldness of someone
audition (n)- a test of skill or ability, usually of musician or actor; a tryout
aura- subtle quality or atmosphere surrounding a person or thing
auspices- kind support and guidance
austere (adj)- strict/severe. The austere look my mother gave me when I was misbehaving was as cold as ice.
australopithecines- oldest group of Ancestors. For example, Lucy the skeleton belongs to it.
authentically- worthy of trusting or believing to an idea; trustworthy; unimaginable
autonomous region- a political unit with limited self-government
averted- turned away; prevented
avow (v)- to declare openly; admit
ayatollahs- conservative religious leaders in Iran. Ayatollahs thought Iran should be governed in strict obedience to Islamic law.

balderdash (n)- nonsense. “That is absolutely ridiculous, it’s complete balderdash.”
band- a group of people; a small loosely organized group of hunter-gatherers, consisting of twenty to thirty individuals
barbarian- in ancient Rome, person from far from Roman frontier; person considered by another group to be uncivilized
barbed wire- sharp wire
bar mitzvah- ceremony marking initiation of 13-year-old boy into adulthood and Jewish religious community
barracoon- enclosure or barracks formerly used for temporary confinement of slaves or convicts
barrage (n)- gunfire; burst; hail; blast; shower
barter(n)- a system of trading that people exchange goods or services directly, without the use of money
bartered(vb)- traded by exchanging goods without using money
base- substance that accepts hydrogen ions in a reaction. Bases taste bitter & are usually corrosive.
basin (n)- round shallow bowl for holding liquids
bathetic (adj)- 1. extremely commonplace or trite 2. characterized by insincere or overdone pathos: excessively sentimental
bay- part of the ocean or lake extending into the land
baying- a deep, prolonged howl, as of a hound on the scent
beagles- small hounds with smooth hair, short legs, and drooping ears, bred for hunting small game
BEAT- A reporter’s regular route of news sources.
beckon (v)- to summon or call someone, usually by a gesture or nod
befog (vb)- to confuse/to obscure. The brain teaser puzzle befogged me.
begrimed- to make dirty with soil
begrudge- be jealous of somebody; not willing to give something
benefit- something that helps to improve situation; advantage
berft- lacking something needed/wanted
besot- to make dull or stupid
bewilderment- confusion
Biodegradable (adj)- Capable of being decomposed into simpler molecules by natural decay organisms, bacteria & fungi, by biological agents like bacteria. Ideally, biodegradable material reverts to carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane & simple salts. Paper is biodegradable.
blissfully (adv)- showing supreme happiness or joy
bloated- swelled; puffed up
BODY- All paragraphs after the lead paragraph which contain the details and descriptions.
bollweevil- grayish weevil, ~ ¼ inch long, which infests cotton plant & feeds on squares & bolls both as larva & adult
Bonjour- French: Good day
boozed- to drink intoxicating liquor to excess
bore- to head in certain direction
bough- tree branch
Bowery- the run-down area of New York City. I should go hang out on the Bowery.
briers- a thorny plant/twigs
brocade- expensive fabric with a pattern into it
brusque (brusk)- abrupt
BTU- British Thermal Unit- amount of heat required to raise 1Ib of water 1 degree Fahrenheit. It’s equivalent to .252 kilocalories/1055 joules.
buffer- protective zone. Mongolia fringes China’s northern border forming a buffer between Russia and China.
burden- load; responsibility

cajoling- persuading by pleasant words or false promises
camaraderie- spirit of friendly good fellowship
canine (n)- dog
cantonment- the place where soldiers were lodged
canyon- a narrow, deep valley with steep sides
capillary- having small walled tube
Cape- a piece of land jutting into the sea or some other large body of water
capture- a situation in which a regulated industry exercises substantial influence on the government agency regulating it
caress- tender touch or embrace
carronade- obsolete light iron cannon, old fashion gun
cartographer- a mapmaker
castigated- disapproved severely
cataract- steep rapids in river; very large, powerful waterfall
catechism classes (n)- formal classes in religious instruction
cavalier (adj)- haughty/“I’m too good” attitude/snobby/stuck up. The millionaire’s son was very cavalier.
cease- capture
centipede- an insect having many legs
centrifugal force (n)- force that tends to move a rotating object away from the center of rotation.
cephalothorax (n)- the original part of the body in certain arachnids and sea shells consisting of united head and chest
chagrinned (adj)- embarrassment of hummiliation; disappointed; ashamed; uneasiness
chandlers- maker or seller of tallow or waxed candles and usually soap
chaos- total or complete disorder (sickness or confusion)
characterization- technique a writer uses to help reader become acquainted with person in story
chasm- difference; separation
chauffeur- paid driver of vehicle
chide- scold; reprove mildly
city-state- a self-governing unit made up of a city and its surrounding and farmland. I think Singapore is a city-state.
Civil Liberties- freedoms found primarily in the Bill of Rights that are protected from government interference
clamor- loud, continuous noise
clarity- clearness
Classic Archaeology- old Archaeology when Archaeologists would find spectacular Artifacts and earn lots of money for them
claustrophobia- fear of confined spaces
cliff- the steep, almost vertical, edge of a hill, mountain, or plain
climate- the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time, especially temperature, precipitation, and wind
climax- point of greatest emotional impact in story/drama. The action of solving the problem
clique- exclusive group of people
clod- stupid, clumsy person; oaf
cloture- a vote to end a filibuster or debate; requires the votes of 3/5 of membership of Senate.
code- an organized set of laws or rules. We made a code.
Cold War- the period of tense relations between the United States and the Soviet Union from the late 1940s to late 1980s.
colloquial- very pleasing, attractive
comedy- a humorous play with a happy ending
comformity- to do whatever everyone is doing
commingled- mixed together. Often recyclables are commingled. They may contain glass, plastics & metals. These commingled materials must be separated before they may be processed. Commingled plastics present greatest challenge to recovery due to difficulty in identifying them.
commiserated- felt sorry for; condole
compel- drive or urge with force
competitive (adj)- relating to competition among businesses, groups, or individual
compliant- ready or disposed to be ceremoniously courteous
complication- the problem of the story
composting- controlled biological decomposition of organic solid wastes under aerobic, in presence of oxygen, conditions. Organic materials are transformed into soil amendments such as humans & mulch.
conceal- to hide
concede- admit as true
concertos- musical compositions for one or more solo instruments and orchestra
concussion- stunning; damaging or shattering effect from hard blow; esp., jarring injury of brain resulting in disturbance of cerebral function/a strong shaking
condolences- agreement & understanding; sympathy
conductor- something that electric current could pass through
congenial- compatible, agreeable, suited in spirit, etc…
conjured (v)- to entreat solemnly; to affect magically
consolation- comfort; solace; alleviation of grief
conspicuous (adj)- attracting attention or noticeable
Constellation (n)- an arbitrary formation of stars perceived as a figure or design, especially one of eighty-eight recognized groups named after characters from classical mythology and various common animals and objects. They looked at the stars and tried to see a constellation.
containment- the policy of resisting expansion of the Soviet Union's influence by dipomatic, economic, and military means.
contankerous (adj)- quarrelsome, grumpy, & irratable. That man is very contankerous; I bent his fence and he strangled me.
contemplating- considering; looking steadily at
contemptuously- disdain; scorn; willful disobedience, disrespect
contraband- goods unlawful to import or export
contrary- something opposite
conversion- person who changes or adopts to new religion
conviction (n)- strong persuation/belief
convulse- to shake violently; agitate
coon- (adj)good/(n)raccoon
coonskin- raccoon skin
coquettish (adj) coquettry (n)- flurty/flurtacious. The seventh grade girls are very coquettish with the boys.
corporate (adj)- formed into an association with rights and liabilities endowed by law
corrosive- substance that may dissolve metals, ruin clothing, or burn skin. Strong acids & bases are corrosive.
Cossacks- Polish soldiers who, under the leadership of Chmielnicki, annihilated hundreds of Jewish communities in 1648, killing hundreds of thousands of people
coup- successful stroke
covert- sheltered; hidden
cower (v)- to crouch or shrink down in fear
crammed- tightly packed
cringing (v)- drawing back when afraid; cowering
cross section- special kind of diagram that shows how the inside of a hand made object: looks, what it’s made of, and how it works. It could also be especially helpful for understanding how something works
cross-stitch and French knots on samplers- two kinds of fancy stitches on hand-decorated cloths
crude- messy
crumple- press out of shape; collapse
crux- the most important point
cultivated (adj)- planted or prepared for planting, as opposed to wild
Cultural dating- a method Archaeologists use to find out how old an artifact might be by comparing objects Archaeologists find with the objects they already have
cuneiform- wedge shaped characters made with a reed stylus and used in writing several ancient languages. I can’t write in cuneiform.
cunning- skill/slighness
current- number of electrons flowing through wire
current electricity- electricity with electrons moving through wire, which produces through generator/isolated electricity
cuss- swear
cynical- quality or state of denying others’ goodness and motives
cynophobia- fear of dogs

damask- firm lustrous fabric, made with flat pattern, in satin weave on plain-woven ground on jacquard looms.
dealignment- a gradual reduction in the dominance of one political party without another party supplanting it
debonair (adj)- mannerly/politely. The prince was very debonair and handsome.
debt bondage- in ancient Rome, condition that poor person became unpaid servant to rich person to whom he owed money. (If someone owed one money, the person owing money would have to be the other’s slave until he could afford debt)
decapitation- when head is completely cut off
decrepit (adj)- broken down with age or worn out. When we drove through the ghost town, most of the buildings were decrepit.
defect- fault; error; cause for blame; character weakness
deference- submission or yielding; regard; respect; honor; obedience
deficient (adj)- lacking of something that is necessary. The old woman was deficient in calcium.
deforestation- cut down & clear away trees in forests
deft- skillful
degradable material- material capable of decomposition through biological, chemical, or physical processes
dejected- disheartened; discouraged; hampered or stopped with predictions of failure, disapproval, etc...
deliberate (v)- to carefully think about/consider. The judges deliberated for an hour about what score to give me.
deliberate (adj)- carefully considered or done
delinquent- rule breaker
delisted- taken off list of hazardous materials. The material can be disposed in less restricted types of landfills or used as base for roads or as ingredient in certain aggregate materials.
dellrious- unusual behavior
delta- a triangular area formed by deposits of soil at the mouth of the river
demarcation (n)- separation; boundary
democracy- a system of government that people rule, either directly or through elected representatives; will of the people by the people; self-government by the many as opposed to few on one.
Dendrochronology- oldest form of Scientific dating or tree ring counting, when Archaeologists compare tree ring patterns from many trees and place together a master pattern that covers a period of many hundreds of years. It is based on the fact that a tree grows a new ring every year.
depot- a railroad station
Depression- a severe and persistent drop in economic activitiy where businesses curtail, unemployment rises, and markete prices fall to severe low levels
de rigueur- prescribed or required by fashion, etiquette, or custom; proper
desalination- the necessary and expensive process of when the countries on the Arabian Peninsula spent billions of dollars to create more of their scarcest resource-water. Industrial plants were constructed to remove the salt from sea water so that it could be used for drinking and irrigation.
descend (vb)- to move from a high distance to a lower distance
desert- a dry area of land where few plants grow
despair- loss of hope
desperately (adv)- acting in a manner that shows extreme need or hopelessness; having no hope
detention (n)- punishment of being held against one’s will, as in having to stay after school
devotion- dedication
devout (adj)- devoted to something. She is a devout Jew, she goes to temple twice a week.
dexterity (n)- grace (beauty)........in physical activity. Michelle Kwan has great dexterity when skating on the ice.
diatribes- violent attack in speech/writing; ironical criticism
dictator- ruler with absolute power
diffusion- a spread of ideas, values, and inventions from one culture to another
dignitary (n)- person of high position or honor.
digress- depart temporarily from the main purpose of a subject. N-digression
dilapidated (adj)- ruined, decayed, run-down, old, crumbly, fallen-in
dilemma- difficult choice
dingy (adj)- somewhat dark and unclean; shabby
dioxin- organic molecules that are highly carcinogenic. Impurities found in petroleum, herbicides, and from products of incomplete combustion.
dire- dreadful; awful
direct democracy- a form of political decision-making in which the public business is decided by all citizens meeting in small assemblies
disabled (n)- people with an illness or physical handicap that limits their activities
disclose (vb)- to tell or reveal. The F.B.I. could not disclose the information.
disdain- scorn
disgrace- body characters
disingenuously- giving false appearance of simple frankness
dispersed- broken up; distributed; scattered
displace (v)- to move or shift from the usual place or position.
dissension (n)- disagreement/conflict. There was a dissension between the president and congress.
Dissipate (vb)- 1. to drive away; disperse. 2. to spend/expend intemporately/wastefully, squander. 3. to use up, especially recklessly, exhaust. As we dissipate our resources, we are not aware of the consequences.
distraught- troubled; agitated
divine- pertaining to God; colloquial
doggedly- marked by stubborn determination
domain- complete and absolute ownership of land
domesticate- tame
domiciles- dwelling place; home
don- to put on clothing
double cropping- growing more than one crop a year on the same land. In some areas, farmers practice double cropping.
doused- to splash or pour water
dove (n)- domesticated pigeon or activist for peace
drab- dull; cheerless
drag the pond- pull a net over the bottom to find the body of a drowning victim
drawl (v)- to speak in slow manner, stretching vowel sounds
dreaded (v)- feared
drip irrigation- a scientific method, which the Israelis have invented, for growing crops in desert soil, which preserves precious water resourses by letting precise amounts of water drip onto plants from pipes.
dubiously (adv)- skeptically; disbelieving; doubtful
due process clause- section of the 14th amendment that prohibits states from depriving anyone of life, liberty, or property "without due process of law"; a guarantee against unfair government action
dynasty- series of rulers from the same family

eavesdrop- listen secretly
ecstacy- over powering joy
edict- command given by important person
editorials- article giving staff statement of opinion
efface (vb)- to erase/to destroy. I must efface the disc with incriminating evidence on it.
elastic clause- Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, also called necessary and proper clause; gives Congress the authority to make whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated responsibilities
elated- filled with joy; cheered up; made happy
elective (n)- a school subject or course chosen by the student rather than assigned
electric power- measure of rate at which electricity does work or provides energy
elegant- tastefully fine; gracefully refined; superior in quality
elevate- raise
elfish- high check bones and pointed chin, small, animal sharp teeth, and ears like lynx
elicit- draw or bring out
elite- in ancient Rome, upper class
elongated- lengthed; stretched out
elucidate (vb)- to explain further; to make clear; explain very thoroughly; to greatly detail
elude (v)- to escape/get away from/avoid perception, understanding/grasp by being sly, or quick
emancipate- to release from one’s hand, to free
embalm- to prevent decay of dead body by treating it with preservatives
embargo- a severe restriction on trade with other countries. An embargo was imposed on Iraq by the UN.
embellished- made beautiful
ember- glowing fragment from fire especially, one smoldering in ashes
Empathy (n)- identification with and understanding of another’s situation, feelings, and motives
endow (v)- 1. to provide with a permanent fund or source of income. 2. to furnish; as with some gift, faculty or quality; equip
engulf (v)- to swallow up; to overwhelm; to submerge
envy- desire for another’s possessions, looks, popularity; jealous
ephemeral- transitory; short-lived
epic- a long poem in dignified language that tells the story of a hero. I’ve read an epic.
empire- a nation and the other nations it has conquered; a political unit often made up of several nations under one leadership
endure (v)- to withstand; put up with; tolerate
ephor- lots of elected officials who supervised the kings of ancient Sparta
epitaph (n)- inscription on gravestone. The gravestone was so old, you could barely read the epitaph.
epoxy- a substance used to make glue or a tough coating
Equal Protection Clause- provides equal protection of laws to citizens of the United States
Equal Rights Amendment- proposed amendment to the United States Constitution stating that equality of rights shall not be abridged or denied on account of the person's gender/sex
Equal Time Provision- the former requirement that television stations give or sell the same amount of time to all competing candidates for public office
eroded- slowly worn away
errand- trip to convey message or do something
ese (e` sa)- Spanish: slang term used when addressing some, as in “Hey, man.”
esoteric- understood by or meant for only a select few; confidential. Adv-esoterically
espy (vb)- to observe, to notice, to see, or to know
eternal (adj)- without beginning or end; never ending; everlasting
ether- liquid used as anesthetic or solvent
evicted (v)- to be forced to move from rented house or apartment. That night, I got evicted.
exacerate (vb)- to make worse or more severe
Excavation- in archaeology, the systematic digging of an area of ground to recover the archaeological record
excommunication- head of organization that takes away person or person’s membership from organization
exemplar (n)- one that is worthy of imitation; a model.
exile- enforced absense from one’s own country. Dala Lama remain as an exile in India.
exodus- mass emigration
exonerate (vb)- to be freed from blame/berdon. He was exonerated when the not guilty verdict was read.
expiate (vb)- 1. to extinguish the guilt incurred by 2. to make amends for
Extended family- family consisting of the nuclear family plus the family of the children when they grow up and marry
extolled- expressed approval of highly
extricated- freed

fabricate (vb)- to make up a false story, usually exaggerating. (to lie). The witness fabricated a story to help the criminal be set free.
fact- Proven Evidence
fairness doctrine- the former requirement that television stations present contrasting points of view
falaj system- an ancient system of underground and surface canals, which carry water from the mountains to villages miles away
Famine (n)- 1. an extreme, wide-reaching food shortage. 2. an extreme shortage. 3. severe hunger; starvation
fanatic- rigorous believer
fatigue- tired/exhausted
feat- act of courage, skill
federalism- a system in which significant governmental powers are divided between central government and smaller units, such as states
fender- guard over wheel of car
ferosity (n)- extreme fierceness; unkindness
fetid-(water) heavy offensive smelly, contaminated or spoiled, water
feverishly (adv)- in a highly emotional or nervous way
fiend- person who uses immoderate quantities of something
filament- very thin piece of metal wire, inside light bulb, which resists flow of electricity within it
filibuster- a parliamentary device used in the Senate to prevent (delay) a bill from coming to a vote by "talking it to death", made possible by norm of unlimited debate
finagling- getting something by lying or cheating
fir- evergreen tree
flair- clever with understanding or talent
flamboyant (adj)- stands out/showy. The purple and bright pink jacket was very flamboyant.
flammable- easily ignited and burning with great rapidity. Can serve as fuel for fire.
flats- smooth/even land
flint & steel- tools used to start fire. Flint is hard rock that when it’s struck on steel, it’ll produce spark
flogged- to beat up, harshly or intensively
floodplain- flat land near the edges of rivers formed by mud and silt deposited by floods
flourished- to thrive/do really well/to wave around
forbear (v)- to control oneself when provoked; to hold back; resist or avoid.
force- push or pull
foreshadowing- suggestion that conflict is going to follow. Gives us hints to future complications/what’s going to happen next
forte (n)- a strong point/talent. Her forte is cooking.
fossils- the remains or imprints of a plant or animal from a past geological age
Franking Privilege- public subsidization of mail from the members of Congress to their constituents
friction- rubbing of two surfaces
fringed (adj)- something extra to
frivolous- not serious; unimportant
fulfillment- accomplishment; performance; satisfaction
fuming- feeling anger
furtively- secretively, sly
fuzz- making something out of nothing

gait- manner of moving; pattern of stepping
gallant- brave
gambol (vb)- to skip about in play: Frisk, Frolic
gawked- to stare stupidly
gematriya- method of interpreting biblical word based on numerical value of its letters in Hebrew alphabet
generator- machine that produces through wire
genre (n)- a type or kind of something. Fiction is a genre of literature.
Gentile- one not of Jewish faith
Genus- the large group to which the species belong to individual species
Geologists- Scientists who study the earth and have learned that at times in our planet’s history, huge sheets of ice and snow called glaciers covered large areas of the earth
gerbils- any group of small rodents with short forelegs and long hind legs, native to desert regions of: Africa, Asia, & eastern Europe. Gerbils are smaller than rats, used in scientific research, and used as pets.
Gerrymandering- redrawing district lines to give an advantage to a particular political party or candidate
gills- side of face/cheek/jaws
gingerly (adverb)- carefully, or lightly. My mother gingerly stroke the baby’s face.
glacier- a huge mass of ice that slowly moves down a mountain or over land
glamorous- quality or state of fascination
gleefully- joyfully; hilarity
glower (v)- to stare in an angry way; scowl
glum (adj)- sad/gloomy/dreary. The sad girl had a glum look on her face.
gnoman- used to figure out the circumference of the earth
goyim- Hebrew word for non-Jews
graffiti (pl)- inscriptions scrawled on an open surface
graft- 1. (v) to transplant by grafting 2. (n) transplanted body tissue
Grandfather Clause- a device that allowed whites who had failed the literacy test to vote anyway by extending the franchise to anyone whose ancestors had voted prior to 1867
grass roots- the constituents, voters, or rand-and-file of a political party
gratitude- gratefulness; thankfulness; appreciativeness
Great Depression- the period of economic crisis in the United States that lasted from the stock market crash of 1929 to America's entry into World War II.
gregarious (adj)- sociable/staying in groups/social. Julie is very gregarious, she attends all the parties & dances.
grief- deep sadness
grievance- complaint; wrong
grope (v)- to touch or feel about in search of something
grotesque- distorted; awkward; unnatural; bizarre
groundwater- water found underneath earth’s surface, contained in aquifers & in underground lakes & rivers
gruff (adj)- rough and husky. She said in her gruff voice, “Don’t give up.”
gulf- a portion of an ocean or sea partly enclosed by land
gully- a ditch/gutter
gurney- wheeled cot or stretcher

Habeas Corpus- the legal doctrine that a person who is arrersted must have a timely hearing before a judge
hallucination- apparent perception; illusion; false impression or beliefs. Adj- hallucinator
halo- aura of glory
halyard- rope or tackel for hoisting or lowering something (as sails)
hammock- swinging couch or bed usually made of netting or canvas and slung by cords from supports at each end.
hapless- luckless
harbinger- forerunner; predecessor; person or thing that goes before others
Hasid- Member of a Jewish sect who follows the religious and social precepts set down in the 17th century
hatred- to hate somebody
haven (n)- a port; a rufuge; a harbor
hazardous waste- wastes that may be harmful to the health of humans or other living things
headquarters (n)- main office; administrative center
heard confession and given absolution- in some religions, action of priest who listens to people tell their violation of rule & then declares their forgiveness.
heap- pile; lot
heaves- rhythmical rise and fall
heavy metals- metals having high molecular weight such as mercury, cadmium, lead, silver & arsenic. This distinguishes them from lighter metals such as aluminum, calcium & others.
hectic- great excitement; turmoil; disturbing
hellish- of, like, or suitable to hell; infernal; vile; horrible
helot- the state slave in ancient Sparta
hence- therefore
heresy- belief contrary to accept doctrine
heron (n)- a bird walking across water
hieroglyphics- Earliest Ancient Egyptian writing system that pictorial symbols stand for words or sounds
History- a record of what happened in the past; the study of the past, including explanations of the events
hogback ridge- a steep hill
hoisted- lift, raise/to lift into position by/as if by means of tackle.
hood- covering/protection for anything
hoof- horny covering encasing end of foot of some mammals
hue- graduation of color
hunter-gatherer- a person who gets food by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants, roots, nuts, and berries
hypnophobia- fear of sleep

Ice Age- Paleolithic period, millions of years ago
ideograms- pictures or characters representing a thing or an idea. Written Chinese involves the use of ideograms.
ignorant (adj)- another way of saying “I don’t know”/unknowledgeable. The bum was very ignorant about politics.
imbue (v)- to soak with color
immense (adj)- very large; enormous
immensely (adv)- very much; enormously
immerse (v)- to involve oneself completely. I immersed myself in practicing.
immobility- the ability for something to be incapable of moving; fixed; motionless
impede (vb)- to interfere in the process of something/to delay. He impeded upon our vacation by inviting himself along.
impediment- an obstacle to one’s feet; a hindrance
impel- drive or urge forward
impending- about to happen
imperceptibly- extremely slight, gradual, or subtle
impertinent- rude
imploringly- to look upon for supplication
imposter- one who mislead, cheat, under an assumed character or name of another; pretender
impunity (n)- exemption or freedom from punishment, harm, or loss
incineration- burning of wastes under controlled high temperatures & oxygen levels that results in complete combustion of the wastes; not same as burning leaves in backyard or wood in fireplace.
incredulous- unwilling to admit or accept what is offered as true
incrementally- increasingly; gaining
indefinitely (adv)- for an unlimited length of time
indicator- substance that visibly shows a change in the nature of a chemical system
indulged- gave pleasure to; surrendered; gave up; humored
indulging- being satisfied
Industrial Revolution- period of transition from predominantly agricultural to predominantly industrial societies in Western nations in 19th Century
ineptitude- not fitting in; inappropriateness
inevitable (adj)- sure to happen; unavoidable. Competition against friends is inevitable in music.
inexplicably- incapable of being explained or understood
inextricable- that cannot escape; unsolvable
infatuation- inspired with or possess foolish passion
inference- conclusion made by reasoning from known facts
infrastructure- consists of a country’s basic support facilities, including its roads, schools, airports, seaports, and communication systems
infused- inspired
innocuous- inoffensive; harmless; insipid
innuendos- insinuation; hint; allusion
inquisitor- one who asks for information
inscription (n)- a brief message permanently marked or engraved on a surface
inset- a small map that appears within another map and shows some of the same area in greater detail
insidiously- treacherous; unreliable; untrustworthy; risky
insinuate (vb)- to subtly imply. Are you insinuating that I did not come to school Friday because I had a lot of work due?
insipid (adj)- boring, tasteless, uninteresting, or dull. My lecture teacher is so insipid, I always fall asleep during class.
insolent (adj)- verbally disrespectful or rude. She was insolent to the teacher when she talked back to him.
instantaneous (adj)- occuring or completed within an instant
instinct- a natural/innate impulse, inclination/tendency
insulator- something that electric current cannot pass through
insurmountable- incapable of being overcome or prevailed
integrated waste management- practice of disposing of waste that uses several complimentary components, such as source reduction, recycling & reuse, composting, incineration with production of energy, & landfill
interminable- endless
interrogate (vb)- to be questioned repeatedly. The detective interrogated the witness.
intimate- personal; private; familiar
intricate- complicated or complex
intrigue- arouse curiosity of; plot; scheme
introvert (n)- a shy or reserved person. The shy and quiet girl was considered to be introverted.
intruder- one who thrusts itself in without permission or invitation
intuition- perception without reasoning; insight
Iron Triangle- an enduring alliance of common interest among an interest group, a congressional committee, and a bureaucratic agency

jaundice (n)- A condition that causes a yellowish tone of skin. My baby brother was born with jaundice.
jaunty (adj)- lively or perky. Polka is very jaunty music.
jeering (adj)- mocking; rude, taunting jeer(v)
jettison- to throw goods on ship to sea
Jim Crow- popular term for system of legal racial segregation that existed in the American South until the middle of the 20th century
joule- 1 watt second (.000948 BTUs/.239 calories)
Judicial Review- the power of the Supreme Court to declare actions of other branches and levels of government unconstitutional
jut- extend beyond body

Kaballah- books of Jewish mysticism
kenetic energy- energy of motion
kibosh (n)- the end or stop of something. My mom kiboshed the argument between my sister and I.
kitchen midden- a rubbish heap, including artifacts and bones, left in a settlement by people of the past
Knesset- Israel’s democratically elected parliament where Representatives range from ultra-Orthodox Jews to the nonreligious.

lackadaisical (adj)- spiritless
laden- burdened or loaded; filled abundantly
lament (vb)- to mourn/weep or dwell out loud/to be sad over. The widow lamented over her husband’s death.
lanky- ungracefully thin and tall
lavish (adj)- marked by excess or abundance/excessive amount/extraordinary
lavish (vb)- to give abundance
leachate- solution produced by passing a liquid through a solid, often containing chemicals that have dissolved from the solid to the liquid. For example, as water passes through sediments containing iron (III) ions, it will often change color due to the dissolved iron (III) ions. As rainwater passes through landfills & associated sediments, various chemical substances may dissolve in the water & penetrate the aquifer & contaminate groundwater. Decomposing organic materials produce acid solutions in landfills. These acid solutions help dissolve heavy metals making them mobile & potentially able to contaminate groundwater. Acid rain that passes into landfills are also capable of causing this process.
Le bateau est sur l’eau (le ba to` e sur lo)- French: The boat is on the water
leery- suspicious
legend- a story handed down from earlier times; also on maps, an explanation of the symbols
levee- reception held by person of distinction on rising from bed, embankment to prevent flooding.
Liberate (v)- to set free, as from persecution, childbed, or foreign control
liberation (n)- the state of freedom reached after a struggle
light industry- refers to production of small consumer goods such as: clothing appliances, and bicycle
light year- distance light travels in one year
lineman- a person who sets up and maintains telephone or electric power lines
linger (v)- to continue to stay; delay leaving
Literacy Test- a device used by Southern states to prevent African Americans from voting before the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which banned its use; it usually involved interpretation of a section of a state's constitution
lounging- to act/move idly/lazily
lousing- to make mess of
lucid (adj)- clear, intelligible; shining or bright; sane
lucrative- profitable, producing wealth
ludicrous- laughable
lull- a temporary quietness/stillness

macabre- of death; frightening, horrible, disgusting
madras- a light cotton fabric
manacle- handcuff
manager- one who handles business affairs